Magnolia flower bud is used orally in formulas to treat nasal congestion, in common cold, influenza allergic rhinitis as well as nasal polyps and hypertrophic rhinitis. It has been shown to have localised astringent, vasodilator and antiphlogistic effects on the nasal mucosa. It also has a moderate antimicrobial action. Human studies have shown a high degree of efficacy in the treatment of rhinitis and paranasal sinusitis, when used in combination with several of the above herbs (e.g. Xanthium, Angelica and Mentha; or Scutellaria and Schizonepeta). It may also be applied topically into the nasal cavity, either alone or in combination with Scutellaria or a mixture of other herbs.